1790 Census, Part II

The first U.S. Census was approved by the Senate and House of Representatives on March 1, 1790, and assigned to 17 marshals of the new nation’s several judicial districts, plus their estimated 650 assistant marshals. ¹ 

 

The states had been united as a country for such a short time that people had little grasp that “Federal authority should be unquestioned and instructions promptly and fully obeyed.”¹ Congress gave the states nine months to count the country’s inhabitants. However, the census actually took 18 months to complete.

 

Where We Counted 
If you think the inhabitants of the 13 original colonies were the only ones counted in the first U.S. Census, you’re close, but no cigar. The states and territories represented by the first U.S. Census were:¹

·         Connecticut

·         Delaware

·         Georgia (included what is now Alabama and Mississippi)

·         Maryland

·         Massachusetts (included what is now Maine)

·         New Hampshire

·         New Jersey

·         New York

·         North Carolina (included what is now Tennessee, which was soon to be
      organized as the Southwest Territory)

·         Pennsylvania

·         Rhode Island

·         South Carolina

·         Vermont

·         Virginia (included what is now Kentucky)

·         Northwest Territory (included present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
      Michigan, and Wisconsin, as well as parts of Minnesota)

Where were your ancestors living in 1790?

Discover your roots and watch the branches of your family tree begin to grow.

pjefamilyresearch@gmail.com

For more information on my Family History Research services, visit TheMemoryQuilt.com
and click on Family History Research.

¹The U.S. Census Bureau website:  http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1790.html

1790 Federal Census, Part I

Exploring the 1790 Census can be a very frustrating process for family history researchers. Only heads of households were named in the first U.S. Census; additional household members were categorized simply by gender, age, and whether free or slave. If the ancestor you are searching for was a child, a spouse, indentured servant or slave at the time, he or she is counted but not named.  It can make validating that you have found the correct family more difficult.

While family history researchers would appreciate the same amount of information available in later censuses, it’s important to keep in mind why the census came into being in the first place. In Article I, Section 2, the U.S. Constitution directed that a Federal Census be taken every 10 years as a method to determine the number of Representatives allotted each state based on a state’s population (“The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative …”).

A Steep Learning Curve for Both the Government and the People
Some states had conducted censuses prior to this; however, the U.S. government had no experience in preparing for or conducting a census on a national level. For example, standard, consistent census forms were not furnished by the government; those charged with taking the census provided their own. 

“Indeed, up to and including 1820, the assistant general marshals generally used for the schedules such paper as they happened to have, ruling it, writing in the headings, and binding the sheets together themselves. In some cases merchants’ account paper was used, and now and then the schedules were bound in wall paper.

“As a consequence of requiring marshals to supply their own blanks, the volumes containing the schedules vary in size from 7 inches long, 3 inches wide and ½ inch thick to 21 inches long, 14 inches wide and 6 inches thick. Some of the sheets in these volumes are only 4 inches long, but a few are 3 feet in length, necessitating several folds.”¹

The people, also generally unfamiliar “with census taking, imagined that some scheme for increasing taxation was involved, and were inclined to be cautious lest they should reveal too much of their own affairs. There was also enumeration opposition on religious grounds, a count of inhabitants being regarded by many as a cause for divine displeasure. The boundaries of towns and other minor divisions, and even those of counties, were in many cases unknown or not defined at all.”¹

The 1790 Census was the original U.S. Census. What was the first U.S. Census that your ancestors were listed in?

Discover your roots and watch the branches of your family tree begin to grow.

pjefamilyresearch@gmail.com

For more information on my Family History Research services, visit TheMemoryQuilt.com and click on Family History Research.

¹The U.S. Census Bureau website:  http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/decennial/1790.html

October is National Family History and Fire Prevention Month

October is National Family History and Fire Prevention month, two themes that run through my historical fiction book, “The Memory Quilt.” The book follows the experiences of a 14-year-old girl on the day of the Cloquet/Moose Lake fire, October 12, 1918.

The story is loosely based on my maternal grandmother’s family and their experiences during the fire. The family of seven survived by lying in the bottom of a shallow gravel pit they had dug to make the foundation of their new barn, while covering themselves with wet blankets and rugs.

Doing the research for “The Memory Quilt” is what first got me interested in family history research. There was so much I didn’t know about the fire or my dad’s family history when I started. Once you begin looking, it gets in your blood and you want to find out more and more.

What will it take to get you interested in your family’s history?  For those of you who find research tedious and time-consuming and don’t want to spend the money to buy a subscription to Ancestry.com or one of the other pay-subscription databases, I will be happy to do the document searches for you:

— Census records
 —  Birth records
 — Death certificates
 — Obits
 — Grave site photos
 — Ship passenger lists
 — Marriage records
 — Declarations of Intent/Naturalization records

Discover your roots and watch the branches of your family tree begin to grow.

pjefamilyresearch@gmail.com

For more information on my Family History Research services, visit TheMemoryQuilt.com
and click on Family History Research.

October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month

As a family history researcher, I have seen many people checking death certificates at the Minnesota History Center to see what an ancestor died from.  They want to know if heart disease, dementia or a number of other diseases run in their family.

Due to the large number of articles and news programs on women whose sisters, mothers and grandmothers all had breast cancer, I was very surprised to learn that only an estimated 5 percent to 10 percent of all breast cancers are hereditary.¹ That means 90 percent or more of women who get breast cancer will not have any history of the disease in their family. In other words, checking your ancestors’ death certificates to see if anyone in your family has had breast cancer is no indication of your risk.

If you or a friend or loved one hasn’t gotten a mammogram in over a year, get one as soon as possible. If you’re over 50, talk with your doctor before you decide to follow or ignore the advice offered by The United States Preventive Services Task Force’s (USPSTF²) to get a mammogram every two years. If you want to continue to get one every year, do it. A yearly mammogram could save your life. It saved mine.

Knowing about your family’s health history is important. Knowing about your own health is critical.

Discover your roots and watch the branches of your family tree begin to grow.

pjefamilyresearch@gmail.com

For more information on Family History Research services, visit TheMemoryQuilt.com
and click on Family History Research.

¹http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/breast-cancer

²The USPSTF is an independent panel of non-Federal experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine and is composed of primary care providers (such as internists, pediatricians, family physicians, gynecologists/obstetricians, nurses, and health behavior specialists).   http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstfix.htm

Be Prepared to be Mortified

Once you commit to finding information about your family history, be prepared for information that may surprise, mystify and yes, even mortify you. For example:

·    You learn a child was born less than four months after a recorded marriage OR you uncover the birth of a child (or children) prior to a marriage.

·    You find a relative listed in a census as a patient in an insane asylum OR based on death records, you discover that an ancestor’s death was actually a suicide.

·    Your soldier ancestor was listed as missing or dead after a particular battle and you discover he lived, but never came home to his family; instead, he started a new family in another state.

There are so many family stories out there, waiting to be uncovered, and not all of them will be positive. Many of these stories may already be part of family lore; many may have been kept a closely guarded secret for generations. What’s your family’s secret story?

Discover your roots and watch the branches of your family tree begin to grow.

pjefamilyresearch@gmail.com

For more information on Family History Research services, visit TheMemoryQuilt.com and click on Family History Research.

Be Prepared to be Mystified

In addition to surprises, once you begin researching your family history you will encounter at least one mystery, maybe more.  For example, there will be periods where an ancestor disappears, and then suddenly reappears. Where did he or she go? Or a census will list a family member as having one name, and the next census will list a person born the same year but with an entirely different name. What’s going on?

The” name” mystery is usually easier to solve than the “where were they?” mystery.  Early census records were compiled by people – census takers – who wrote down the information given to them by the people they were interviewing.  A name could have been misheard or misspelled. In many cultures, people went by their middle names or call names. It’s possible that the first census used his or her more formal first name, and the second census used the middle name or a nickname. 

In the1860 Census, the first census he appeared in, my great-grandfather’s name was listed as Albert. In the next census, he was Augustus, the next  August, then Gust, then plain Gus. Where the heck the Albert came from, I have no idea, and probably never will. Anyone who might know the answer has long passed.

My biggest “where were they?” mystery involves my great-great-grandfather Thomas, who was born in Oneida County, NY, in 1828. He does not appear in a census until 1870, after he and his wife had moved to Wis. In the 1860 census, his wife Eliza is listed as living with her parents and siblings under her married name, but no Thomas. His brother Charles is listed in the 1850 and 1860 Censuses as running the family farm in Oneida County, but no Thomas.  How does a man escape being listed in the census for the first 40 years of his life? And where in the world was he?

As you dig deeper into your family history, you’ll have to accept that some mysteries are not meant to be solved.  What mysteries lie in your family history?

Discover your roots and watch the branches of your family tree begin to grow.

pjefamilyresearch@gmail.com

For more information on Family History Research services, visit TheMemoryQuilt.com
and click on Family History Research.

Be Prepared to be Surprised

Once you start looking into your family’s history, be prepared for some surprises. In following my maternal grandfather’s line, I discovered what I considered to be an unusual custom. 

Several generations ago, when large families – 10 to 15 children – were the norm and the child mortality was high, it was common to find more than one child within a family with the same name. This would happen after a child died; the next child born of the same gender would often be given the dead child’s name.

To say I was surprised at this custom would be putting it mildly. My initial reaction was that each child deserved his or her own name. And wouldn’t you get a little superstitious when the child with that name keeps dying?  In my family, my grandfather’s grandmother was Mary #3.

But then I began to run into it more and more often. I have heard these children called “replacements,” but have come to believe the custom was more of a memorial, a tribute to the deceased child.   What will surprise you about your family’s history?

Discover your roots and watch the branches of your family tree begin to grow.

pjefamilyresearch@gmail.com

For more information on Family History Research services, visit TheMemoryQuilt.com
and click on Family History Research.